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Chapter 5. General Concepts, Toolkits, and Frameworks
5.2.1 Finding the Appropriate Sensors
Advances in sensor technology such as form-factor, power consumption, processing
requirements, and cost-e ective fabrication o er a wide variety of integration into
devices and appliances. An application that enables implicit interaction uses sensors
as nerve-endings to perceive the environment. But what are the appropriate sensors?
Instead of an technology-oriented view we take the perspectives of a designer and an
engineer: sensing goals, referred to as dimensions of sensing, and actual placement
of sensors.
Logical View: Dimensions of Sensing
Typically, application designers are more interested in the opportunities sensors can
o er, than in the actual technology itself. As physical interaction shall happen
between human and machine, all characteristics that describe the users situation
are of interest to the application. For that, in the last years a very general definition
has been established
[
Abowd et al. 1999
]
: Context is any information [...] to
characterize the situation of an entity. Unfortunately this definition is too general
and does not really help application design. Thus, we identify six sensing goals,
referred to as dimensions of sensing, that give a more precise description of user
context.
The first dimension is a users ID - this has been widely used already, e.g. for cus-
tomizing and personalizing services without requiring explicit user inputs
[
Richard-
son et al. 1994, Bohnenberger et al. 2002
]
. In fact, we use a more general definition
of ID ranging from di erentiating people to actual identification. The second dimen-
sion is Location; it has been the most dominant implicit input used in ubiquitous
computing applications
[
Want et al. 1992
] [
Davies et al. 1998
]
. It does include 3D
coordinates but also semantic location descriptions. The third dimension, Activity,
describes the task the user is performing which ranges from simple moving patterns
[
Van Laerhoven et al. 2001
]
to precise job descriptions. The fourth dimension,
Object Use, comprises co-location of a user to an object
[
Richardson et al. 1994
]
,
carrying an object
[
Langheinrich et al. 2000
]
and its actual use
[
Antifakos et al.
2002
]
. The fifth dimension, Bio Signs/Emotions, describes the internal state of the
user. Research in this area is still in its infancy. First results could be obtained with
heart-rate and skin-resistance, for reasoning about a users a ects
[
Picard and Klein
2002
]
. The sixth dimension, Human Interaction, characterizes the relationship be-
tween humans including simple collocation, listening to a speaker, gaze, and actual
interaction such as discussion. We will use these six dimensions of sensing together
with choices of sensor placement to categorize current sensing technology.
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