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Innovative Application Development for Ubiquitous and Wearable Computing

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ISBN: 0471218162   ISBN: 0471218162   ISBN: 0471218162   ISBN: 0471218162 
 
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56 Chapter 4.  Developing Applications in Cooperation:  X’treme Prototyping 4.1.6   Iterate After the experience session of the previous phase, developers selectively integrate the feedback of users.  Here, it is critical to further keep the user’s overall goals in mind.  Naturally, users are biased towards current tasks and try to move the developer’s concept in that direction. Hence, careful incorporation of user feedback should be used to revise the concept (Section 4.1.3) and result in changes of the prototype (Section 4.1.4), similar as proposed by [ Carroll et al. 1991 ] . On the other hand, it may also happen that the concept was not su ciently represented by the prototype, such that a new iteration may focus on prototype refinements only. The iteration process can be stopped if,  firstly,  developers are confident with the new innovative application and if,  secondly,  the users judge the application to be generally feasible and useful.  Clearly, once this stage is reached, other approaches such as user-centered design may be used to refine the envisioned solution towards a fully-functional prototype which then can be evaluated in more detail. 4.2   Stakeholders To successfully apply X’treme Prototyping it is essential to cooperate with the ap- propriate stakeholders of the problem domain.  By definition stakeholders are any group or individual who can a ect or will be a ected by the application being de- veloped.  The important point is to not only talk to the final end-users who will be most a ected but also to other parties and decision makers as well.  We found that end-users can be very skeptical towards radical changes since they would be a ected by them immediately.  Furthermore, we found that end-users may be also less will- ing and less capable to extrapolate and re-think their work practices.  However, the input of the frequent hands-on user is as important for successful developments as the input of occasional users or parties that will be just a ected by the introduction to a certain extend. Finding the appropriate stakeholders is di cult.  On way to approach this is to start along interactions between stakeholders as proposed by [ Nuseibeh and Easterbrook 2000 ] .  First, the approach starts with so-called baseline stakeholders who are the end-users,  developers,  and decision makers.  The consecutive steps are to identify the other stakeholders by exploiting the relationships between those and the base- line  stakeholders.   It is  proposed to identify parties  that  provide  information and support tasks of the baseline stakeholders.  Others are those who process, inspect and supervise.  The final party is least related only interacts or communicates to a certain extend to the baseline.  By iterating through all these three groups most stakeholders should be identified.
  
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