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10 Chapter
2. State of the Art of Application Development Processes
user needs applications might solve. Methods from software
engineering [ Sutcli
e 1998
] and HCI have a long tradition in describing e
cient processes for developing new customized applications, but they do not support the search for compelling
problems that radically depart from todays practices. Consequently, an appropriate
method has to support this early stage of idea generation, whereas its subsequent
steps can revert to established methods for requirements elicitation such as contex-
tual inquiry [
Beyer and Holtzblatt 1998
] .
Balanced user involvement: Involving users into the design process is common
practice in HCI. User-centered design
[ Norman and Draper 1986
] involves users
during testing and evaluation of a design. Participatory design
[ Greenbaum and
Kyng 1991
] even respects users as partners from start to finish in the design process.
This helps to understand the users needs and is seen as the premise to build systems
users will enjoy. However, this strong user focus has also been questioned, e.g.
by Webb [
Webb 1996
] : the user is not a designer and studies have shown that
users designs are generally inferior to those of interface professionals. On the
one hand user involvement is necessary to focus on relevant problems from a users
perspective. But on the other hand too strong cooperation may also result in a too
strong dependence on the user which may hinder innovative ideas that are out of
the users horizon. Radically
depart from today: The most important challenge is to create innova-
tive applications [
Abernathy and Clark 1985
] : [An innovation is the introduction]
of a new product or process whose design departs radically from past practice. It is
derived from advances in science, and its introduction makes existing knowledge in
that application obsolete. It [..] supports freshly articulated user needs in the new
functions it o ers. It is not about fulfilling the users current needs but to fulfill
future needs that may not even have been articulated yet. In contrast to incremental
improvement innovative applications should be projected to a time horizon much
further away. In addition, the result should not only yield an innovative application
but also a change in the way users perform tasks, since real innovation is not gener-
ated by technology only. Nevertheless, technology can act as a vehicle to create new
opportunities that innovate and change established routines and work practices.
Multiple stakeholder involvement: In the course of di
erent projects we have recognized that meeting the actual users is necessary but not enough. For example
during early discussions about the benefits of wearable sensors in avalanche rescues
with mountaineers [
Michahelles et
al. 2003b ]
as the actual end-users we felt a
strong and general reluctance against technology. This reluctance, while being an
important issue, was a major obstacle during the early stages of the project which
hindered progress significantly. However, when we presented our concept to alpine
emergency physicians we were encouraged to continue with our project. Both types
of stakeholders mountaineers and physicians provided valuable feedback, but
the important point was to integrate as many viewpoints of di
erent stakeholders
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